Profitability Of Grain Production Research Articles

Efficiency of using UAN-32 and Sternifag biopreparation on spring wheat grown with No‑till technology

The results of joint application of the biopreparation Sternifag, SP based on the fungus Trichoderma harzianum and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN-32) on spring wheat cultivated using the No-till technology in the northern forest-steppe of the Priobie region are presented. This zone is characterized by a short growing season and a mean annual moisture coefficient of 1.04–1.08. Under such conditions, No-till, or direct seeding, technology can minimize the cost of grain production. When growing crops according to this technology in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe, the sowing dates are postponed, which actualizes the use of biopreparation to accelerate the mineralization of straw residues. In production and stationary experiments on leached chernozem, the joint application of Sternifag and nitrogen fertilizer in autumn of the previous year activated decomposition of plant residues on second wheat by 33.0–49.0%. Application of the biopreparation together with UAN-32 allowed to obtain in the years of research additional 1 ha 1.5 and 0.96 tons of spring wheat grain (43.7–44.4%) due to an increase in the weight of 1000 grains, ear fineness and better preservation of plants for harvesting. Application of biopreparation Sternifag and UAN-32 on spring wheat grown on the basis of No-till technology in the northern forest-steppe of Priobie is economically beneficial. It is accompanied by an increase in profit by 2.0–2.4 times and an increase in the level of profitability of grain production by 27.0–36.0%. Effectiveness of cultivation of the crop on the background of liquid nitrogen fertilizer UAN-32 is lower. In this variant, grain productivity of spring wheat relative to the control increased in 2018, characterized by high humidity, by 1.1 t/ha, in 2020, characterized by June drought, by 0.74 t/ha. The level of profitability of grain production at application of UAN-32 is higher than in the control by 15.0–17.2%.

Plowing operation: labor productivity and specific operating costs. Part 1. Multifactor simulation of plowing operation

One of the most important problems in grain production in the Republic of Belarus is increasing labor productivity, which is 4–5 times less than labor productivity in the EU countries. A great influence on labor productivity and specific operating costs is exerted by energyand material-intensive operations, such as plowing and harvesting. The main patterns of the plowing operation, which is a complex technical system, is connected with the use of a large volume of agrotechnological, technical, operational, resource and economic information (operation duration, working length of the harrow, physical and mechanical properties of soil, depth of treatment, permissible interval of the unit speed, fuel and energy, engine power and traction characteristics, width of the unit, economic indicators, etc.) are considered. Currently, as a result of introduction of computer mathematics systems, there are effective methods available for studying complex technical systems, allowing for multi-factor modeling and multi-criteria optimization of the production processes and formation of a set of machines by system analysis. A prerequisite for a complete and comprehensive description of the functioning of a complex technical system is the presence of conflicting optimization parameters, as well as a complete set of independent control factors significantly affecting these parameters. A distinctive feature of the proposed method is to determine not one optimal solution, but a set of Paretooptimal solutions, giving the producer new opportunities of choice when organizing the production processes, increasing the efficiency of plowing operation and, consequently, the profitability of grain production in general. Therefore, increasing productivity at permissible specific operating costs through the formation of a rational set of machines and modes of its operation under specific conditions of production is an important scientific and engineering task. A mathematical illustration of the method is provided for natural-production conditions of the Republic of Belarus.

Selection of forecrops and sowing time for the new winter durum wheat varieties ‘Yubilyarka’ and ‘Yantarina’

The current study was carried out in the southern part of the Rostov region in the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” in 2020–2022. The purpose of the current study was to identify the best forecrops and optimal sowing time for the new winter durum wheat varieties ‘Yubilyarka’ and ‘Yantarina’. There has been established that the winter durum wheat varieties ‘Yubilyarka’ and ‘Yantarina’ respond well to the choice of a forecrop and sowing time. The effect of forecrops on productivity of the winter durum wheat varieties ‘Yubilyarka’ and ‘Yantarina’ was 90 % and 85 %, respectively. There has been revealed that weedfree fallow was the best one for the studied varieties, providing the formation of a mean grain productivity of 6.25–6.31 t/ha over the years of the trial when sown from September 10 to 30. At the same sowing time when sown after sunflower, productivity of the varieties of 3.73–4.02 t/ha was the lowest during the entire period of the study. There has been established that for all forecrops, the lowest grain productivity of the varieties ‘Yubilyarka’ and ‘Yantarina’ was obtained when sown on October 10 (late date) and averaged 5.60 and 5.77 t/ha in 2020–2022 when sown after weedfree fallow; 4.16 and 4.35 t/ha when sown after peas; and 3.51 and 3.63 t/ha when sown after sunflower. The studied varieties formed the largest number of productive stems of 540–609 pcs/m2 when sown in weedfree fallow, and the smallest number of 382–410 pcs/m2 when sown after non-fallow forecrops. The quality indicators of grain of the winter durum wheat varieties ‘Yubilyarka’ and ‘Yantarina’ were mainly affected by forecrops and slightly by sowing time. The production of high-quality winter durum wheat grain is cost-effective. The conditional net income reached 52908–53268 rubles/ha, and the profitability of grain production was 127–129 %. When sown after sunflower, the productivity was the lowest during the entire period of study and averaged 3.73–4.02 t/ha over three years. There has been found a productivity decrease on 0.5–0.7 t/ha with a late sowing date (October 10). 

КОРЕЛЯЦІЙНО-РЕГРЕСІЙНИЙ АНАЛІЗ РЕНТАБЕЛЬНОСТІ ВИРОБНИЦТВА ТА РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ЗЕРНОВИХ КУЛЬТУР В УКРАЇНІ

The grain industry occupies a leading position in the domestic agricultural market, and today, under the conditions of the 2022 war, the effective functioning of the grain market is extremely important to solve the problem of ensuring food and national security not only in Ukraine, but also in many other countries of the world. The purpose of the research is to conduct a correlation-regression analysis of the profitability of grain production in Ukraine, to single out the main influencing factors, to build a linear regression model based on the factors identified. Previous studies devoted to this topic (conducted by scientists from Ukraine, Great Britain, Egypt, Bangladesh, Iran, Niger, Nigeria, Zimbabwe and China) cover a wide range of factors influencing the profitability of grain production. However, the authors assume that to the greatest extent the studied indicator is influenced by precisely those factors that come from the essence of the definition of the profitability indicator. In order to test this hypothesis, the method of correlation-regression analysis was used, which allowed to identify factors that significantly impact the profitability of grain production in Ukraine. Model building and calculation of the regression coefficients were conducted using the software package STATISTICA. It was found that the most significant variables are yield, sales prices, costs of production and sales, on the basis of which a linear regression model was built, that reflects the dependence of the profitability of grain production in Ukraine on the above-mentioned indicators ( ). With an increase in yield per unit, profitability increases by 1.27 units. With an increase in the selling price per unit, the profitability increases by 0.0242. If the cost per unit of production increases, then the profitability of cereals will decrease by 0.0007. The distribution of the residuals of the model obtained by the authors is close to the normal distribution, and the histogram of the distribution of residuals is close to the graph of the normal distribution, therefore, we can conclude that this model is adequate. Based on the analysis of the distribution of residues, the model can be considered satisfactory. The analysis revealed a negative scale effect in the grain industry, which can be avoided if agricultural land is used effectively. The cancellation of the moratorium on the sale of land opens the way for the transfer of land to more efficient users, which will have a positive effect on the profitability of production.

SPRING WHEAT PROTECTION TECHNIQUES IN ARID CONDITIONS OF THE LOWER VOLGA REGION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Justification. The article presents studies on the influence of the new generation of chemical and biological drugs for yield and quality of grain of spring wheat in the Nizhny Volga conditions. The object of research is the variety of spring wheat Kamyshinskaya 3, the E-lectures of the Federal Tax Service of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia, Volgograd).Studies were wrapped in the experimental field of the Federal Tax Code of the Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences according to the thematic plan. It was experimentally obtained that the processing of seeds of spring wheat with a tank mixture of BSKA-32.0 l/t+ potassium humate 1.0 l/t allows you to obtain the highest yield of spring wheat grain in the conditions of the experimental field of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences – 1.34 t/ha s. profitability of 69.0%.
 The purpose of the work is to study the techniques of plant protection in adaptive systems of agriculture using the new generation chemical and biological drugs in conditions of light brown soils of the Lower Volga region.
 Materials and research methods. The soil of the experimental site is light chestnut, with low gross nitrogen, the average content of movable phosphorus and an increased metabolic content. The content of organic broadcasts in the soil reaches 1.2-2.0%, pH = 7-8. All agrotechnical measures were performed according to the set deadlines. The main soil processing was carried out in the first decade of September to a depth of 20-22 cm. Intercession harrowing in two traces and pre-sow cultivation (spring). Sitting was carried out in early April, as the physical ripeness of the soil occurs, the norm of sowing 3.5 million pcs. seeds per 1 ha, Szhelka SZ 3.6. Phytosanitary inspection of plants was carried out in a way of the work program and the NIIR methodology in accordance with the recommendations [12].
 Results. Processing of seeds with inshur perform, CS 0.5 l/t + biogumatekoss 0.25 l/t and BSKA-32.0 l/t + potassium humate 1.0 l/tmicated to increase the germination of seeds by 7% compared to with a control sample. The use of BSKA-3 2.0 l/t+ potassium humate 1.0 l/t decreased the amount of root rot to 16.5 % (control-21.6 %). Studies revealed the effectiveness of the use of Inshur Permor, CS 0.5 l/t + biogumatekoss 0.25 l/t and BSKA-32.0 l/t + potassium humate 1.0 l/t in an increase in yield indicators of 1.5 times. The same options turned out to be the most profitable in comparison with other prototypes.
 Conclusion. The results of the studies indicate that during the production of spring wheat, the use of a bio-guum in a mixture with chemical retirers allows you to create optimal conditions for the growth and development of this culture. Scientific research has established that the use of a chemical retirement with biological products is a reserve to increase the biological and economic efficiency of the use of plant protection products, increasing the profitability of grain production.

Effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with polyfunctional products on the chlorophyll and nitrogen content in winter wheat plants in the conditions of the Stavropol Territory

The article presents the results of studies on the effectiveness of pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with multifunctional preparations Icar Sids, Sprintalga and Microfol Combi, conducted at the experimental field and in the laboratory of the Department of Plant Physiology of the North Caucasian FNAC in 2018–2021. The soil of the experimental site is ordinary medium–sized low–humus heavy loamy black soil, with very low availability of mineral nitrogen, medium – mobile phosphorus, insufficient – exchange potassium. The weather of the research area characterized by large amplitude of annual fluctuations in air temperature and precipitation. Weather conditions in 2018–2021 differed, both in the amount of precipitation and in the temperature regime. Studies were carried out in order to identify the physiological features of grain harvest formation during pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with multifunctional preparations on ordinary black soil of the Central Caucasus. To achieve this goal, the chlorophyll content in the organs of winter wheat plants was studied by extracting pigments with 96 % ethyl alcohol, nitrogen content in plants, account­ing for yield and studying the structure of the crop. It was found that pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with multifunctional preparations contributed to an increase in the concentration of photosynthetic pigments in plant organs by 4.3–17.9 %, and also influenced the consumption of mineral elements, increasing the nitrogen content in plants by an average of 15.6–42 %, depending on the phase of wheat development, which ultimately led to an increase in yield by 0.22–0.37 t/ha. The cost of preparations used for pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds increased production costs by 167–349 rubles /ha, but due to the resulting crop increase, profit increased by 3099–4905 rubles /t, and the profitability of grain production by 9.2–14.1%.

Economic efficiency of maize grain production under various agrotechnical measures of cultivation

Topicality. The efficiency of the grain production industry allows to provide the population with food and the state with currency. A significant place in the increase in the volume of grain crops is assigned to maize, which is in stable demand both in the domestic and foreign markets. Issues. Due to the lack of programs of grain maize breeding in the Western Forest-Steppe zone, it is necessary to purchase the hybrids and seed material in the originating institutions of the Central Forest-Steppe and Steppe zones. The choice of high-yield hybrids depends on their biological char-acteristics, effective use of soil and climatic conditions and positive response to the cultivation technology. Aim. To conduct a comprehensive and economic evaluation of maize hybrids depend-ing on the implementation of their genetic potential in the soil and climatic conditions of the West-ern Forest-Steppe and their response to the system of basic and foliar plant nutrition. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out during 2019–2021 on the fields of the Department of Seed Production and Seed Science at the Institute of Agriculture in the Carpathian region NAAS. We studied next maize hybrids: Pochaivskyi 190 MV, DN Meotyda, DN Khortytsia, Orzhytsia 237 MV (the originator – State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, Dnipro). Yield accounting was carried out by direct combining of experimental plots with subsequent weighing, and the obtained data was recalculated for standard grain moisture content. Processing statistical data - by analysis of variance (Excel, Statistica 6.0) according to V. A. Ushkarenko, R. A. Vozhehova, S. P. Golobo-rodko, S. V. Kokovikhin (2013), economic assessment – by the method of V. I. Boiko, E. M. Lebid, V. S. Rybka (2008). Results. The highest grain yield of maize hybrids (7.49 t/ha for early-ripening group and 7.62 t/ha for mid-early group) was obtained in 2019; in 2020, the grain yield was lowest – 7.07 and 7.22 t/ha, respectively. The highest yield of 7.68 t/ha was obtained for DN Meotyda hy-brid of the early ripening group, and 7.67 t/ha – for Orzhytsia 237 MV hybrid of the mid-early rip-ening group. Over the years of research, the variability of grain yield for the early ripening hybrids (FAO 100–199) ranged within 0.32–0.52 t/ha, for the mid-early ripening hybrids (FAO 200–299) – 0.22–0.35 t/ha. Pre-sowing seed treatment with chelated forms of microfertilizers was effective on gray forest surface-gley soils of the studied region with hard-to-reach forms of nutrients. Microferti-lizers used in pre-sowing seed treatment increased grain yield by 0.21–0.43 t/ha. Conclusions. The growth of economic indicators for farms of various forms of ownership in the Western Forest-Steppe zone is facilitated by the expansion of the range of simple linear maize hybrids of domestic selection. When growing ecologically plastic maize hybrids of different maturity groups (Pochaivskyi 190 MV, DN Meotyda, DN Khortytsia, Orzhytsia 237 MV), the profitability of grain production reached 107.2–132.1 %. Pre-sowing seed treatment with chelated microfertilizers: Ora-cle Seeds (1.0 l/t), Brexil Combi (0.5 kg/t) and Valagro EDTA Mix 5 (0.2 kg/t) increased the profit-ability by 2.7–9.2 %. When applying microfertilizer Oracle Multicomplex (1.5 l/ha) in the stage of ВВСН 16–18 (6–8 leaves) and ВВСН 59 (tasseling), the profitability indicator exceeded the control (without foliar feeding) by 37.1–38.2 %. When the rate of application of mineral fertilizers was in-creased to N150P90K90, it was obtained a higher profitability of grain production of early ripening maize hybrids (FAO 100–199) at plant density of 75 thousand pcs/ha) by 24.6–27.7 %, mid-early ripening (FAO 200–299 with plant density of 80 thousand pcs/ha) – by 17.4–20.7 % compared to N120P90K90. Key words: maize, yield, microfertilizers, mineral fertilizers, profitability.

The effect of treatment of various strains of Bacillus subtilis on the productivity of winter wheat

In the conditions of the Rostov region of the Russian Federation on ordinary micellar-carbonate chernozems, the effect of Bacillus subtilis strains during the processing of winter wheat seeds on the productivity and quality of grain of the zoned varieties Grom and Kalym was studied. The issues of influence of strains 10-VISR, IPM 215, VKM-V-2605D and 26D on field germination of seeds, winter hardiness and survival of plants for harvesting are considered. The analysis of the dependence of the structure of the yield and the yield of wheat varieties on the Bacillus subtilis strain is given. It was found that the treatment of seeds with the studied strains increases the germination rate for the Kalym variety by 0.9-3.4%, and for the Grom variety by 3.8-5.8% in comparison with the chemical dressing agent based on Tebuconazole. The increase in winter hardiness of the Kalym variety was 3.3-5.0%. Productive bushiness increased by 8-24% for the Grom variety and by 6-21% for the Kalym variety. It was revealed that the maximum weight of 1000 grains per spike was when the seeds were treated with the VKM-V-2605D strain. In general, the greatest influence on the productivity of winter wheat was exerted by seed dressing with the Bacillus subtilis VKM-V-2605D strain - the grain yield of the Grom variety increased by 1.27 t / ha, the Kalym variety - by 2.16 t / ha, the profitability of grain production reached 119- 187%.

The impact of mineral nutrition on winter barley yields while using mustard as a precursor crop

The influence of supplying mineral nutrition on yield and indicators of quality of winter barley grain using mustard as a precursor crop has been examined. Studies have shown that under the conditions of Steppe in the south of Ukraine, the application of mineral fertilizers while growing mustard has a positive effect on the yield of winter barley, increasing it by 0.46-1.35 t per ha compared to the control. Winter barley of the "Dev'yatyi Val" cultivar provides a higher level of yield compared to the "Dostoynyi" variety while using mustard as a precursor crop. The highest economic performance was obtained on the basis of N40Р40К40 application before sowing with subsequent fertilization of crops with nitrogen (N30) during early spring on partially frozen soil. When using this option, the level of profitability of "Dev'yatyi Val" cultivar amounts to 99.2%, which is 14.9% higher compared to the margins of the "Dostoynyi" variety. The level of productivity of various crops, including winter barley, depends on the choice of the optimal precursor crop. It is established that the use of the appropriate precursor crop provides an opportunity to significantly increase the barley grain yields even in the case of rather arid conditions of the Ukrainian steppe. The influence of precursors on the productivity of winter barley is primarily determined by the reserves of productive moisture in the soil that have remained there after a harvest. Recently, especially in zones of risky agriculture, less widely known alternative oilseeds, such as mustard, flax, safflower, camelina and sesame, are becoming all the more popular. Mustard is considered to be the most "hyped" of the abovementioned plants - it's a promising, 100% marketable crop, mainly because the physiology of the plant allows it to be used as an optimal precursor that can improve agrophysical and phytosanitary properties of soil. In order to realize the high genetic potential of modern varieties of winter barley, it is necessary to introduce modern agricultural technologies, an important component of which is the use of mineral fertilizers that affect the quantity and quality of the crop. Fertilizers are one of the most important factors to effectively manage both yield and quality of grain. Along with the fertilizers, micronutrients that are essential for plants' survival, can also get into the soil. Despite its high adaptability, barley is a species, which responds particularly strongly to the levels of fertilizer in soil, namely that an increase in the growth of grain from the use of mineral fertilizers can be as high as 50%. This responsiveness of barley to fertilizers is one of the important conditions for its further expansion in sown areas. Barley is highly sensitive to mineral fertilizers, especially when applying them to partially frozen soil, when there is enough moisture and the elimination of stressful winter conditions positively affects the further growth and development of plants thus ensuring increased yields. However, depending on different soil and climatic conditions, the doses of mineral fertilizers may differ, plus there is also a need to review and re-evaluate the effectiveness of fertilization of winter barley, taking into account significant changes in weather conditions during its cultivation. Studies that examine the impact of precursor crops on the yield of winter barley were conducted in field conditions from 2016 to 2020 on the basis of the "Agrotechnics of grain crops" laboratory at the Institute of Oilseeds of NAAS. Various cultivars of winter barley ("two-handed") were sown with regard to its physiological properties – "Dostoynyi" (registered in 2006) and "Dev'yatyi Val" (registered in 2014), which in recent years have dominated the northern part of the steppe zone in terms of sown areas. Sowing was carried out with a selection seeder SCS-6-10 with a sowing rate of 4.5 million pieces of similar seeds per hectare. Depth of seed wrapping – 5–6 cm. Sowing method – solid row. The size of the test area is 18 m2 (12×1.5). Repetition of the experiment was threefold. Plant protection measures have been carried out while taking into account the economic threshold of harmfulness. The soil of the experimental plot is of the ordinary chernozem type, medium-strength and low-humus, with humus content in the arable layer up greater than 30 cm – 3.5%, available nitrogen – 7.2–8.5, mobile phosphorus – 9.6–10.3, exchangeable potassium – 15.2–16.9 mg per 100 g of completely dry soil and pH level of soil solution at 6.5–7.0. Mineral fertilizers were applied according to the layout of the experiment: using control (without fertilizers); N40R40K40 (ANP fertilizer) minus the background (for pre-sowing cultivation); background + N30 on partially frozen soil; background + N60 on partially frozen soil. The given technology of growing winter barley is one generally accepted in the southern part of the Ukrainian Steppe. Harvesting was carried out by direct combining with a self-propelled combine "Sampo-130". Yield was determined by the method of continuous threshing of the entire area of the test plot at the moment of full maturity of the grain. Bunker harvest from each plot was weighed directly in the field, and after weighing, average samples weighing 1 kg were taken. The yield was established after the purification of grain and conversion to standard 14% humidity, determined by the thermostatic/weight technique. The growth and development of winter cereals was significantly affected by weather conditions. During the five years of plant vegetation (2016-2020), the average moisture reserves in a meter layer of soil averaged 134.7 mm, in the stem elongation phase – 95.1 mm, earing – 54.7 mm, phase of full maturity – 17.8 mm. The aim of the research was to study the influence of nitrogen mineral fertilizers on the productivity of winter barley while using mustard as a precursor crop under the conditions of the southern Ukrainian steppe. The analysis of biometric parameters of "two-handed" winter barley plants has shown that when applying mineral fertilizers at a proportion of N40R40K40 plant, height in the earing phase increases by an average of 5.0-9.6 cm (5.7-10.7%), whereas in case of application of N40Р40К40 before sowing, which is followed by fertilization with N30 on partially frozen soil, the height increases by 10.4–14.5 cm (12.6–17.3%) on average. The optimal development of winter barley plants in the earing phase was ensured by the application of N40P40K40 followed by fertilization with N60 on partially frozen soil which amounted to 12.5–15.5 cm in height (15.1–20.9%) compared to the unfertilized control. Winter barley of the ''Dev'yatyi Val" cultivar has higher figures in terms of growth and development in the earing phase compared to the "Dostoynyi" cultivar. Improving the nutritional background had a positive effect on the rate of productive tillering. The use of N40P40K40 provided a value of the tillering coefficient that was close to the control (1.5-1.6). The highest tillering coefficient of winter barley cultivars (2.1 and 2.3) was obtained after application of N40R40K40 before sowing followed by fertilization with N60 on a partially frozen soil. The absolute dry weight of 100 plants has increased by 21.6–96.9% in case of the "Dostoynyi" cultivar and 12.6–109.0% in the case of ''Dev'yatyi Val" cultivar according to the application doses. The yield of barley largely depended on the dose of the fertilizer. According to the research results, the yield of winter barley was 3.58–4.93 t per ha in case of the ''Dev'yatyi Val" cultivar and 3.34–4.65 t per ha in case of the "Dostoynyi" cultivar. "Dev'yatyi Val" provides the higher level of yield compared to the "Dostoynyi" cultivar. When grown by way of N40R40K40 application with subsequent fertilization with N30 in early spring on partially frozen soil, both varieties of winter barley formed a yield of 4.83–4.47 t/ha combined. The maximum yield (4.93–4.65 t/ha) of winter barley cultivars was obtained by application of N40R40K40 before sowing with subsequent fertilization with N60 in early spring on partially frozen soil (Table 2). Increasing the dose of nitrogen fertilization provided an increase in grain yield by 0.46–1.35 t/ha compared to the control without fertilizers. The obtained experimental data show that the grain quality of winter barley during the research period significantly depended on the use of nitrogen fertilizers. The highest protein content of 9.83% in the grain of winter barley varieties was obtained in the plots by way of pre-sowing application of N40P40K40, followed by fertilization with N60 on partially frozen soil. With a decrease in the proportion of mineral fertilizer to N30, the protein content in the grain of the "Dostoynyi" cultivar decreased to 8.36% and "Dev'yatyi Val" figures saw a fall of up to 9.53%, moreover, without the use of fertilizers, these figures were the lowest and amounted to only 6.38-6.80% and 7.22–9.01%, respectively. As the dose of fertilizer increased, the weight of 1000 grains also increased. Thus, in the variant without fertilizers (control) the weight of 1000 grains of the "Dostoynyi" cultivar was 38.0 g, and through the increase of mineral nutrition, this figure also increased by 3.1% and 5.7%, depending on the cultivar. The weight of 1000 grains of the "Dev'yatyi Val" cultivar after the pre-sowing application of N40P40K40 followed by fertilization with N30 and N60 on partially frozen soil was higher by 1.2 and 2.8% respectively against the control without fertilizers. Analyzing the economic indicators in the cultivation of winter barley using mustard as a precursor crop, it should be noted that mineral fertilizers were the main factor that most significantly affected the productivity of this crop and, consequently, the economic efficiency of its production. The cost of growing 1 ha of winter barley, depending on the level of mineral nutrition, ranged from 9508 to 13402 UAH. In the experiment, the highest indicators of economic efficiency were determined for the cultivation of winter barley of the "Dev'yatyi Val" cultivar. It was established that the maximum net profit of 12506 UAH/ha was obtained by way of pre-sowing application of N40Р40К40 with subsequent fertilization with N30 on partially frozen soil. It should be noted that when using this option, the cost of growing "Dev'yatyi Val" winter barley grain amounted to 2611 UAH/t, the level of profitability of 99.2%, which is higher than the margins of the "Dostoynyi" cultivar by 14.9%. Cultivation of "Dev'yatyi Val" by way of pre-sowing application of N40R40K40 followed by fertilization with N60 on partially frozen soil resulted in a net profit of 12234 UAH/ha, the cost of grain – 2611 UAH/t, profitability – 91.3%, which is higher than the level of profitability of the "Dostoynyi" cultivar by 10.9%. The minimum value of the level of profitability of grain production (68.0–78.7%) of the cultivars under study was in those cases where mineral fertilizers at the proportion of N40R40K40 were applied in the background without fertilization.

MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCTION AND SALE OF GRAIN AND PRODUCTS OF ITS PROCESSING IN THE CONTEXT OF MAXIMIZING VALUE ADDED

The article analyzes the current state of production of grain and the main products of its processing. It is determined that the production of grain in Ukraine for the period 2000–2020 years has grown in 2.7 times, significantly increased the volume of grain processing for non-food purposes – in 10.4 times. Indicator of profitability of grain production tends to decline, despite the fact that the average selling price has increased by 10.8 times. The main factors influencing the value of production costs and the level of profitability of grain products were determined. The subject of the research is theoretical-methodological and organizational-economic bases of management of production and sale of grain as well as grain products and creation of value added. The purpose of the article is to analyze the market of grain products, study the factors affecting the profitability of their production, and develop practical recommendations for improving the management of production and marketing of grain and its products in the context of maximizing the value added. The main methods of research – comparison, generalization, analysis and synthesis, abstract-logical. It is established that the gross value added in the sectors of production and processing of grain includes the following main elements: wages with accruals, rent (rent), depreciation charges, interest on capital and profit. The volume and structure of grain products exported as raw materials, as well as products with high value added, are also considered. The main factors influencing the profitability of grain production and processing were investigated. It was proved that the most part of value added is created in the branches processing grain and producing ready products. The necessity to increase the production of grain products with high value added was noted. It is indicated that horizontal and vertical integration between grain producers and processing enterprises is important for obtaining maximum profits from the sale of grain and its processed products. Significant role in formation of added value is played by state regulation of this process. To increase the amount of value added, special attention should also be paid to expanding the range of finished grain products and supply more processed products and finished grain products for export. A general scheme of value added management in the production and also grain processing and the added value formation in the export of these products is proposed. Forecast indicators of grain production and some products of its processing are substantiated.

Influence of mineral nutrition on yield yield and quality of winter wheat surflower

Today Ukraine is one of the largest producers and suppliers to the foreign market of sunflower oil and seeds. This culture is in constant demand among processing companies and exporters, has a high purchase price and level of profitability. Due to this, the area of sunflower crops has significantly expanded on the territory of Ukraine. Among farmers there is a need to use this crop as a precursor for cereals. An important measure in improving the yield and grain quality of winter wheat is the application of mineral fertilizers. Only by providing the plant with a sufficient amount of nutrients during the growing season can you get a significant harvest with good technological properties of grain. Therefore, when developing the technology of growing field crops, special attention should be paid to the system of their fertilization. The nutritional value of winter wheat and the quality of bread ultimately depend on the content of gluten and protein in the grain, the main structural element of which is nitrogen, so for the formation of high quality grain plants need this nutrient Lack of nitrogen during the period of intensive plant growth disrupts the entire course of physiological processes. Nitrogen may be sufficient to maintain active photosynthesis and carbohydrate formation, but not enough to form good quality grain. Particular attention should be paid to plant nutrition when caring for crops. Many years of research and practice of advanced farms have shown that early spring fertilization of winter crops with nitrogen fertilizers is one of the most effective methods of managing the growth and development of plants, improving yields and grain quality. Such fertilization stimulates growth processes and increases grain yield by 7-9 c / ha and more. Many years of research by scientists in different soil and climatic zones of Ukraine have shown that about half of the increase in grain yields can be obtained through the efficient use of mineral fertilizers by plants, and to improve the quality of winter wheat grain is extremely important nitrogen fertilizers. According to the three-year data of IOC NAAS, the best results of winter wheat yield in Antonivka variety (3,37 and 3,52 t / ha) were obtained when growing it on sunflower, when against the background of N40R40K40 nitrogen was additionally applied on frozen soil in the dose of N60 and N90. Field experiments were conducted in 2016–2020 in the crop rotation of the Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering of Grain Crops of the Institute of Oilseeds of NAAS. Predecessor - sunflower. Repetition - four times, the size of the test area is 24 m2 (16x1,5). Plant protection measures - taking into account the ecological threshold of harmfulness. The research was guided by the method of research of B.O. Dospekhov and methodical advice of the Research Institute of Maize for field experiments with cereals, legumes and fodder crops. They sowed a variety of winter soft wheat Gurt. Sowing was carried out on September 25 with a selection seeder SKS-6-10 with a sowing rate of 4,5 million / ha of similar seeds. Seed wrapping depth 5–6 cm. Sowing method - continuous row. Mineral fertilizers were applied according to the experimental scheme: without fertilizers; N40Р40К40 (nitroammophoska) - background (for pre-sowing cultivation); background + N30 on permafrost soil; background + N60 on permafrost soil; background + N90 on permafrost soil. The aim of the research was to study the influence of nitrogen mineral fertilizers on winter wheat crops according to the predecessor of sunflower in the conditions of the southern steppe of Ukraine. According to the results of research, the winter wheat variety Gurt formed the highest yield (3,57 t / ha) in areas against pre-sowing application N40R40K40 with subsequent fertilization of crops with nitrogen (N90) in early spring on permafrost soil. In general, the yield formed by winter wheat in areas with the use of fertilizers by 0,42 – 1,23 t / ha is higher than in areas where nitrogen fertilization was not carried out. The obtained experimental data show that the grain quality of winter wheat during the research period significantly depended on the use of nitrogen fertilizers. The highest content of protein 11,0 – 11,3 % and gluten 19,3 – 20,3 % in the grain of winter wheat was obtained in areas on the background of pre-sowing application N40P40K40 followed by fertilization N60 and N90 on frozen-thawed soil, while the grain was formed III class of quality. With a decrease in the dose of mineral fertilizer to N30, the protein content in the grain decreased to 10,4 %, and the amount of gluten - up to 17,3 %. Without the use of fertilizers, these indicators were the lowest and amounted to 9,2 – 9,3 % and 14,9 – 15,4 %, respectively. Analyzing the economic indicators in the cultivation of winter wheat on the predecessor of sunflower, it should be noted that mineral fertilizers were the main factor that most significantly affected the level of productivity of this crop, and hence the economic and energy efficiency of its production. Production costs per 1 hectare of sowing varieties of winter wheat, depending on the level of mineral nutrition were: from 9508 to 14194 UAH. The greatest economic indicators in the cultivation of winter wheat after sunflower provided sowing in variants on the background of pre-sowing application N40P40K40, followed by fertilization N60 and N90 on frozen-thawed soil. Under sowing under these conditions received the highest profitability, which was in the variety Group 58,5 – 59,4 %. The profit was 7955,0 – 8297,0 UAH. in accordance. The minimum value of the level of profitability of grain production (22,1 %) was in the variants where mineral fertilizers in the dose (N40P40K40) were applied in the background without fertilization. Studies have shown that the lack of nitrogen in the soil can be compensated by scientifically sound use of mineral fertilizers, which leads to increased yields and improved many indicators of wheat grain quality.

Effectiveness of herbicide treatment on pea crops

In the Chuvash Republic, peas are cultivated as a food and feed crop. Great damage to crops caused by weeds. With severe contamination, the reduction in grain yield in farms is 35-50 %. In order to obtain high yields of pea grain, experiments were conducted with the use of herbicides. The article discusses the research conducted in 2018-2020 on the effectiveness of a two-component herbicide Korsar Super normal 1.2 l/ha in phase 4-5 leaves of a cropper and the early phases of development of weeds in crops of pea varieties Spartak in the southern part of the Volga-Vyatka region of Russia. During the fieldwork experience in the Chuvash Research Agricultural Institute – Branch of “Federal Agricultural Research Centre of the North-East named N.V. Rudnitsky” on loamy gray forest soil, the use of herbicide treatment led to a significant reduction in the number of weeds in biological effectiveness 84.2 %. It provided a reliable grain increase of 0.9 t/ha. At the same time, the level of profitability of grain production made averaged 33 % in 2018-2020.

Ефективність вирощування жита озимого на осушуваних ґрунтах Полісся в умовах змін клімату

Goal. To study the formation of productivity and quality of winter rye grain at different levels of organo-mineral nutrition. Methods. Field — for stationary experiment, laboratory — to determine the quality of soil and grain by conventional techniques, processing of experimental data by using a computer program Microsoft Office Excel. Results. Observations of 2016-2020 on the dynamics of moisture reserves in sod-podzolic drained soil showed that during the formation and filling of grain stocks of productive moisture in the layer 0-100 cm decreased to a critical level of 60-80 mm. In the conditions of low soil moisture supply under the biological fertilizer system (by-products of winter rape) 2.69 t/ha of grain were obtained (11.6% increase to absolute control). Against the background of by-products, the application for zone rate of the recommended mineral fertilizers N60P60K60 grain yield increased to 3.61 t/ha. The highest grain productivity was observed with the use of an increased (intensive) rate of mineral fertilizers N90P90K90 with a separate application of nitrogen in 3 stages on the background of by-products — 3.94 t/ha. The fullness of rye grain did not significantly depend on the fertilizer system. The weight of 1000 seeds was 37.9-40.2 g, the nature of the grain was in the range of 641-663 g/l. The protein content with fertilizer application in the variants was 11.8-12.2%, on an increased background — 13.0, which is 1.2% more than in the biological fertilizer system. Conclusions. The highest level of profitability of growing winter rye was in the biological system of fertilizers using by-products of winter rape 152%. Although the use of the increased N90P90K90 fertilizer system in combination with by-products resulted in the highest grain yield and protein content, the profitability of growing winter rye decreased to 70%. That is, the cost of mineral fertilizers increases the cost and reduces the profitability of grain production.

Ефективність виробництва зернових культур в Україні: аналіз сучасного стану та перспективи підвищення

The purpose of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the efficiency of grain production in Ukraine, to identify priority factors of influence and to justify directions for its further improvement. Research methods. In the process of research a number of methods were used: abstract-logical - to formulate conclusions; comparative analysis - to compare the efficiency of grain production and identify trends in their change; tabular - for a visual representation of the results of the study; statistical - in determining the variation of production volumes and efficiency indicators of grain crops; calculation-constructive - for calculation of indicators of efficiency of production of grain crops and substantiation of their normative indicators; monographic - when detailing the current level of efficiency of the grain economy of Ukraine; factor analysis - to determine the factors influencing the profitability of grain production. Research results. Research has established a trend of stability of grain production in Ukraine. The progressive dynamics of growth of size and transformation of structure of expenses for production of grain crops is established, imbalances between growth of expenses and results of managing of commodity producers of grain crops in the context of regions of Ukraine are revealed. A comprehensive analysis of indicators of absolute and relative efficiency of grain production. The factor analysis of change of indicators of profitability of production of grain crops in Ukraine is carried out. The levels of normative prime cost and equivalent price of 1 ton of winter wheat and corn for grain are calculated. The main directions of increasing the efficiency of grain production are proposed. Scientific novelty. Methodological and practical aspects of studying the efficiency of grain production and substantiation of the directions of its increase have been further developed. Practical significance. These approaches and research results can be used by public and sectoral authorities in the organization of monitoring and development of priority measures to improve the efficiency of the domestic grain industry. Tabl.: 8. Refs.: 26.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ВЫРАЩИВАНИЯ ЗЕРНОВЫХ КУЛЬТУР В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ СИСТЕМ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ И ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ УДОБРЕНИЙ

The research was carried out in order to find new technological and technical solutions that ensure the economic efficiency of farming, stabilization and increase of crop yields due to the rotation of grain crop rotation in the conditions of the southeast of the Volga-Vyatka region. The field experience was established in 2014 in the Nizhny Novgorod region. Scientific research was carried out in the grain crop rotation: 1. mustard for seeds 2. winter wheat; 3. soy; 4. spring wheat; 5. peas; 6. oats. The scheme of the experiment included 5 tillage systems (factor A), which differ in the methods of the main finch tillage. For each tillage system, the effect of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N60P60K60 and destructors of plant residues (ammonium nitrate at a dose of 10 kg a.i. per 1 ton of straw and the biological product Stimix®Niva) was determined (factor B). All the studied tillage systems and applied mineral fertilizers with straw destructors allow for expanded agricultural production. The lowest conditional profitability of production was found for the traditional tillage system using a plow with dumps - 99.3 %, which is 34.6% lower than the conditional profitability in the field experiment variants using disking as the main autumn tillage - which provides the highest average conditional profitability of 133.9 %. The average conditional profitability of grain production using the No-till technology for the rotation of the grain crop rotation was 123.3 %, which is 24.0 % higher than the conditional profitability of traditional tillage and 10.6 % lower than that of the resource-saving technology of agricultural production using a disc harrow. At the same time, the direct sowing technology provides the highest absolute profitability of grain production for the rotation of a six-field crop rotation in the conditions of the southeast of the Volga-Vyatka region when cultivating crops according to N60P60K60 background together with the use of the biological product Stimix®Niva – 170.9 %

ВЛИЯНИЕ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ И УДОБРЕНИЙ НА УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ И КАЧЕСТВО ЗЕРНА ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ

The article presents the results of studies of the influence of soil cultivation methods, mineral fertilizers and biofungicide on yield, grain quality of spring wheat and economic indicators. The studies were carried out in 2018-2020. The soil of the experimental site is represented by slightly leached heavy loamy chernozem with a humus content of 5.8%. The object of research is spring wheat, grade “Ulyanovskaya 100”. The subject of research is six methods of soil cultivation: 1) moldboard - (plowing by 20-22 cm PLN-4-35) control; 2) differentiated - (plowing 25-27 cm for the previous crop, disking 6-8 cm for spring wheat); 3) mulching - (by 10-12 cm APK-3 in spring); 4) comb - (OP-3S for 13-15cm); 5) disk - (paper machine for 6-8cm); 6) flat-carved - (KPSh-3 by 13-15cm). The experiment was carried out on four backgrounds: 1) N0P0K0 (control); 2. Background (N30P30K30 - for pre-sowing cultivation); 3. “Fitotrix”; 4.Background N30P30K30 + Fitotrix. The experiment was repeated four times. The arrangement of the plots is systematic, the total area of the plot is 250 m2 (10 x 25), the accounting area is 125 m2 (5 x 25). The highest yield - 3.73 t/ha, was achieved with the use of differentiated tillage, here the profitability of grain production was 161%, the energy efficiency coefficient was 3.51 units, against plowing, where the indicators were respectively by 0.15 t/ha, 52% and 0.43 units below. The greatest responsiveness in the harvesting of grain from fertilizers was observed in the variant with ridge cultivation, where the increments were 0.49 t/ha against the background of the application of N30P30K30, against the background of N30P30K30 + “Fitotrix” - by 0.96 t/ha relative to the non-fertilized background. The quality characteristics of the grain were similar regardless of the main tillage methods. The highest indicators were observed in the combination of biofungicide with mineral fertilizers, where the increase in gluten and protein was 3.4 and 1.1%, compared with the non-fertilized background

A probit Analysis of Determinants of Adoption of Improved Sorghum Technologies Among Farmers in Tanzania

The adoption of improved sorghum technologies by smallholder farmers is still low in Tanzania. Many farmers fail to acquire quality inputs due to different underlying reasons. This article analyzes factors underlining the adoption of improved technologies among sorghum farmers in Tanzania and evaluates profitability of grain production. A total of 212 individual farmers were interviewed through structured questionnaires from nine districts. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, probit regression model and gross margin analysis. Results show that 39.2%, 26.5%, 16.9%, 8.4% and 7.2% of sorghum farmers adopted seeds of improved varieties, insecticides, inorganic fertilizers, threshing machine and optimum seed rate, respectively. Probit estimates indicated that age, sex, number of years in school, group membership, farm size, availability of free seeds, seed accessibility, grain market accessibility and grain market price were the significant factors influencing adoption of these technologies. Adopters obtained higher profitability (822,288 Tshs/ha) than non-adopters (374,363 Tshs/ha) of improved varieties. Further policy actions are needed to improve determinants of adoption, breeding technologies and accessibility of agricultural inputs to ensure benefits to farmers and the sorghum sub-sector.

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ЗЕРНОПРОИЗВОДСТВА В УСЛОВИЯХ ИМПОРТОЗАМЕЩЕНИЯ

The relevance of the work is determined by the need to identify the main trends and characteristics of the development of the grain industry at the regional level in the face of new challenges of the external economic situation. The purpose of the research is to identify trends in the grain industry development under the conditions of import substitution and justification of the necessary priority organizational, economic and technological measures to increase the efficiency of grain production. The subject of the study is the system of organizational and economic relations that take shape in the process of production and sale of grain in modern conditions of globalization of the economy. As the main results of the study, the article presents the trends and characteristics of the development of grain production: the continuing disparity in prices for agricultural and industrial products, the current low level of profitability of grain production, the inertia in the development of innovative technologies, the lag in the growth of processing capacities and domestic consumption from the rate of increase in grain production, infrastructural restrictions and unstable situation in the regional grain market. A transition to innovative technologies with resource-saving technologies, precision farming and digitalization, clustering of the grain-product subcomplex of the agro-industrial complex, improvement of distribution routes, expansion of sustainable distribution channels, an increase in the number of operators in the regional market, and the formation of a distribution channel through the Republican Commodity Exchange are proposed

Software of Rational Choice of Adaptive Technologies for the Cultivation of Grain Crops as an Element of Agriculture Digitalization

Purpose of research. The goal of research is to develop a science-based decision support system for agricultural producers to choose adaptive technologies for growing crops in the European part of Russia.Methods. System approach, database design theory, mathematical modeling, software and information systems development theory, software qualimetry methods.Results. The paper consistently addresses the issues of the need to digitalize agriculture, describes the results of current research on this topic, identifies areas for further research of such developments, and describes the process of creating and testing application software in stages on the example of our own research. As a result of the conducted research, a finished product has been created and tested. It is a computer program that solves not only the problem of increasing the profitability of grain production, but also ensures the environmental orientation of the technologies used, which is extremely important and relevant at the present time. The proposed software package consists of a client-server application for personal computers, a web application, a mobile application for smartphones based on the Android operating system, and two databases (for personal computers and for the online version of the application).Conclusion. There has been created software that allows us to select the technology for cultivating the given grain crop, taking into account the prevailing soil and climatic conditions of a particular territory, and, thus,it can help to increase the profitability of grain production, ensure the environmental orientation of the applied technologies by effectively using mineral fertilizers, fuel and chemical plant protection productsand select the optimal variety or hybrid of grain crops. It can also help to choose agricultural machinery, taking into account the requirements of import substitution and preliminary calculation of the economic efficiency of the proposed agricultural technology. 

The influence of scale factor on the realization of natural potential of grain farming in the region

The development of grain farming is considered in the article as the backbone and the most important direction of agricultural production in Kursk region. The research has shown that since 2014 there has been a twofold increase in the share of large grain-sowing farms in the structure of sowing and gross grain harvest, exceeded 60%. The aim of the research is to identify the perspectives of the development of grain farming on the basis of the implementation of the concentration of sowing in a narrow list of large agricultural organizations’ holdfast. The clustering method has been used as the main analysis tool. Its results have made it possible to compare various groups of agricultural organizations formed according to the sowing size of cereal crops due to the main productive and economic indicators of efficiency of grain production. The features of functioning of large agricultural organizations are shown in the research. They determine as the generation of benefits and so they form the difficulties to provide the improvement of the results of grain production. The scale effect enables large business to provide more effective and resultative production, however, the results of the analysis testify that the largest organizations have a relatively lower efficiency of grain cultivation. In the research there has been a conclusion: in the current financial and economic conditions the concentration of land resources in large producers’ holdfast is not the best way to activize the processes of intensification and the increase of productivity and profitability of grain production. It will lead to the formation of an oligopoly in the regional grain market.